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MIDDLE PERSIAN LEGAL VOCABULARY "ŠĀYAST NĒ ŠĀYAST" AND ITS RELICS IN THE MODERN TAJIK LITERARY LANGUAGE: TO THE PROBLEM OF DIACHRONIC STRATIFICATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY

Avtors

Mallaeva M.A.

Abstract

The article presents a diachronic study of the legal vocabulary from the Middle Persian treatise "Šāyast nē Šāyast" ("What is proper and what is improper") (7th–9th centuries CE) and its reflections in the modern Tajik literary language and the current criminal legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan. Based on the glossary of M. Tavusi (Shiraz University, 1365/1986), four semantic fields of legal vocabulary are identified using a continuous sampling method: prohibition and violation of the norm; punishment and coercion; compensation for damages; ritual desecration. For each term, the following chain is reconstructed: Middle Persian lemma—etymology—function in the text of the monument—Tajik reflex—function in modern legislation. Three types of diachronic destinies of terms are identified: direct lexical inheritance, semantic restructuring, and displacement by Arabicisms while preserving structural defects. It is shown that the transition to Islamic and then Soviet law represented a terminological, but not conceptual, rupture: the basic legal categories of the Zoroastrian system have been inherited by modern Tajik legislation in a transformed form.

Keywords

Middle Persian language; «Šāyast nē Šāyast» (what is appropriate and what is inappropriate); legal vocabulary; Tajik literary language; historical lexicology; Zoroastrian law; Arabic borrowings; criminal law; diachronic terminology

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