The article analyzes the systemic semantic relations of adjectives denoting the physical condition of a person and aimed at opposite qualities - "strong" and "weak" - in the Tajik, Russian and English languages. It is noted that the adjectives "qawi" and "zaif" (in Tajik), "strong" and "weak" (in English), "silnyi" and "slabyi" (in Russian) play an important role in the linguistic description of a person's physical condition, denoting not only strength and endurance, but also reflecting a variety of meanings associated with general physical or emotional stability. The semantic relations between these adjectives can be classified as antonymous, which allows them to be used in the context of comparison or contrast. It is emphasized that in each language these adjectives can express not only objective physical characteristics, but also subjective perceptions, such as health status or psychological stability. It is concluded that the named adjectives can have figurative meanings associated with personal strength or weakness, which expands their nominative functions. Analyzing such semantic relationships helps to gain a deeper understanding of how concepts of physical strength and weakness are reflected in different linguistic systems, as well as how these concepts can be adapted in different cultural and social contexts.
comparative analysis of adjectives, Tajik language, Russian language, English language, naming, physical condition, systemic semantic relationships
1. Arsentyeva I.G. Features of the Semantics of Adjectives in the Attributive Phrase. - In the book: Problems of the syntax of phrases and sentences. - Pyatigorsk, 1984. - PP. 141-149.
2. Bystrova L.V. Adjectives with the Meaning "Strong - Weak" in Modern English: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Philology). – Kiev, 1977. - 23 pp.
3. Golovin V.A. Semantic Features and Compatibility of Adjectives Expressing the Concept of Material Condition in English, German, Swedish: Abstract of Cand. Sci. Philosophy Diss. - M., 1983. - 16 pp.
4. Grammar of Tajik Literary Modern Language. – Dushanbe, 1986. – 372 pp.
5. Ershova G.V. Interdependence of Linguistic and Extralinguistic Features of Lexical Units (based on nouns of modern English): Diss. ... Cand. Philological Sciences. - M., 1975. - 224 pp.
6. Kuritsyna L.A. Semasiological Study of Verbs with Narrow Semantics (based on modern English): Diss. Cand. Philological Sciences. - M., 1977. - 194 pp.
7. Lopatin V.V., Lopatina L.E. Small Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. Moscow “Russian language”, 1990. – 704 pp.
8. Mamadnazarov A. Standard English-Tajik Dictionary. Dushanbe "Er-graph", 2021. - 1015 pp.
9. Slesareva I.P. Problems of Description and Teaching of Russian Vocabulary. Moscow: Russian language, 1980. - 182 pp.
10.Cassels Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words. Ed. by S.I.Hayakawa. - London: Cassel, 1971 - 707 pp.
11. Crabb G. Crabbs English. Synonyms. - London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. - 716 pp.
12.Gekeler H. Observations sur la structure sémantique des adjectifs. - In: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Linguists, Vienna, 1977» - Insbruk, 1978. - PP. 182-184.
13. Lyons J. Semantics, vol. 1-2. - Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1977. 299
14. Longman Exams Dictionary. – Pearson Longman. Copyright (Pearson education: 2006. 1832 pp.
Fiction:
15.Aini Sadriddin. The Death of a Usurer: (Story and essay: Translated from Tajik) – Dushanbe: Adib, 1987. – 224 pp.
16.Sadriddin Aini. The Death of a Usurer. Dushanbe. 1973.- 160 pp.
17. Sadriddin Ayni. The Death of the Usurer.The Executioners of Bukhara. Translated from the Tajik Persian with an Introduction and Notes by Abdusalom Mamadnazarov. Dushanbe. «Er-graph», 2024. – 296 pp.