The article examines the meaning of some Europeanisms in the dictionary by A. V. Starchevsky “Translator from Russian into Persian”. Based on existing explanatory and bilingual dictionaries (Russian-Tajik, Tajik-Russian, Persian-Russian, Russian-Persian), the semantic features of Europeanisms are determined. Examples from the studied dictionary are given in order to interpret the meaning of this group of words, and the position of their use is shown using the method of comparative analysis. On this basis, it is shown that the analyzed words are used unequally in the modern Tajik literary language: some military and naval terms are included in the group of widely used vocabulary, others are in the group of less commonly used words, and some of them are included in the ranks of archaisms or historicisms. One of the interesting features of the dictionary under study is that the compiler has mentioned some obscure words along with their synonyms.
translation from Russian into Persian language, Europeanisms, word meanings, comparative analyze, military and maritime terms, glossary, bilingual dictionary
1. Belinsky V. G. Complete works: in 13 volumes. – M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1954. – V. 5. – 864 pp.
2. Voskanyan G. A. Russian-Persian dictionary. -M.: Russian language, 1986 – 832 pp.
3. Gafforov R. Language and Style of Rahim Jalil. – Dushanbe: Donish, 1966. – 225 pp.
4. Dekhudo Aliakbar / Dictionary, (Encyclopedia dictionary). Edited by Muhammad Muin and Jaafar Shahidi. Noshir: University of Tehran Publishing and Printing Institution (second edition from the new era: 1377 h.), 1998. V. 3, 5, 7, 9.
5. Zherebilo T. V. Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. Ed. 5th, rev. and additional – Nazran: LLC “Pilgrim”, 2010. – 486 pp.
6. Zohidov A. The Influence of the Russian Language on the Wording of the Tajik Literary Language / A. Zojidov. – Khujand: Noshir, 2009. – 160 pp.
7. Kamoliddinov B. Language and Style of Hakim Karim. – Dushanbe: Irfon, 1967. – 187 pp.
8. Klevtsova S. D. Russian-Persian Dictionary. Training. About 11,000 words. Edited by G. A. Voskanyan. With the appendix of a brief outline of the phonetics and morphology of the Russian language. Noshir: Khanzoda's publications -875 pp.
9. Krylov G. A. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian language. – St. Petersburg: LLC “Polygrafuslugi”, 2005. –432 pp.
10. Krysin L.P. Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words. – M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2006. – 944 pp.
11.Mallaeva M. A. Europeanisms in the "Penal Code of Republic of Tajikistan". -// Bulletin of TSULBP. Humanitarian Series №1 (74) 2018. -PP. 127-134
12.Masumi N. Essays on the Development of Tajik Literary Language. - Stalinabad: Nashrdavtoj., 1959. -379 pp.
13.Masumi N. The Language of S. Aini’s Story “The Death of a Moneylender” (On the issue of the development of the language of modern Tajik fiction). Author's abstract. dis. Ph.D. Philol. Sciences, - Stalinabad, 1954.-32 pp.
14.Nabieva R. Language “History of Mangitiya Sultanate” by Mirzo Abdulazim Somi (lexis and morphology). Author's abstract. dis. .cand. Philol. Sciences, - Dushanbe, 1973. - 38 pp.
15.Niyazmohammadov B. Russian Words in the Works of Ahmed Donish. // Tajik Linguistics - Dushanbe: Donish, 1974, -PP. 378-383.
16.Ozhegov S. I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: 80,000 Words and Phraseological Expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Language named by. V. V. Vinogradova. – 4th ed., supplemented. – M.: LLC “A TEMP”, 2010. – 874 pp.
17.Olimjonov M. Russian and European Words in the Tajik language (as an example of Farzona's poems) // Speech from the gems of speech -2.: Khujand: Nuri Marifat, 2017.-PP. 214-221
18.Rahimi I. K. Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words. - Dushanbe: 2023. - 972 pp. // https://ravshanfikr.tj/lu-atnoma-o/mavodho/494-lu-ati-tafsirii-kalima-oi-khori.html (Date of application: 16.01.2024)
19.Rubinchik Yu. A. Persian-Russian Dictionary. – Mashhad, Iran. 2006. V. 1 from آ to ژ -784 p., V. 2 from س to ی -790 p. // .pdf (Date of appeal: 01/14/2024)
20.Russian-Tajik Dictionary: Ed. M. S. Asimova. – M.: Rus. lang., 1985. – 1280 pp.
21.Rustamov A. Russian Language - the Language of International Communication - Dushanbe: Maorif, 1988. - 76 pp.
22.Sangova H. R. Latin Language and Basics of Medical Terms. Educational Media. - Dushanbe: Er-graph, 2017. -263 pp.
23.Sangova H. R. Latin Language and Basics of Pharmaceutical Terminology. Educational media. - Dushanbe, 2014. -196 pp. // file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/rol-latinskogo-yazyka-v-razvitii-evropeyskih-yazykov%20(1).pdf. (Date of application: 16.01.2024)
24.Sangova H. R. Dictionary of Latin-Russian-Tajik Medical Terms. - Dushanbe: Er-graph, 2018. - 224 pp.
25.Sangova H. R. The Position of the Latin Language in the Development of European Languages. - // Message from the teaching university. Department of Linguistics. 2018.-№3/75. – PP. 190-193
26.Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 volumes. Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. – 4th ed., – M.: Rus. Language: 1999. V. 1 A – Y. 1985. -696 p., V. 2 K – O. 1986. -736 p., V. 4 C – Ya. 1988. -800 p.
27.Starchevsky A.V. Translator from Russian into Persian. - / A. V. Starchevsky St. Petersburg. Typography and Lithography by A. Transchel, Stremyannaya №12, 1886. -173 pp.
28.Interpretation of Russian Language Dictionary. Edited by Professor D. N. Ushakov. – M.: OGIZ, 1935-1940. V. 1, 1935. -1566 p., V. 2, 1938. -1040 p., V. 4, 1940. -1500 p.
29.Interpretation of Tajik Language Dictionary (consisting of 2 volumes). - Dushanbe: Research Institute of Language and Literature named after Rudaki, 2008. V. 1.- 950 p., V. 2.- 897 p.
30.Tajik-RussianDictionary. The Second edition with additions, improvements and corrections. - Dushanbe: Link, 2006. - 648 pp.
31.Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. In 4 vols. V. 1 (A-D). 1986. -576 p., V. 2 (E-Mooj). 1986. -672 p., V. 3 (Muza-Syat). 1987. -832 pp., V. 4 (T-Yashur). 1987. -864 p. / Per. this is not so and add. O. N. Trubacheva. - 2nd ed., erased. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 672 pp.
32.Huseynov Kh. The Language and Style of "Odina" by master Ayni. - Dushanbe: Irfan, 1973.- 256 pp.
33.Shansky N. M., Ivanov, V. V., Shanskaya T. V. Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. S. G. Barkhudarov. - M.: Education, 1971.-542 pp.
34.Sharopov N. The Development of the Vocabulary of the Tajik Literary Language with Military Terms (1940-1945) / N. Sharopov. - Dushanbe: Donish, 1970. -56 pp.
35.Sharopov N. Russian and International Words in Tajik l=Literary Language. - Dushanbe: Donish, 1972. - 170 pp.
36.Sharopov N. Ways of Development of Vocabulary of the Modern Tajik Literary Language. Author's abstract. dis. doc. Philol. Sciences, - Baku, 1974. - 68 pp.
37.Sharopov N. Ways to Develop the Vocabulary of the Modern Tajik Literary Language. – Dushanbe: Donish, 1988. – 136 pp.
38.Shakirov T. S. Writer, language and Style.-Dushanbe: Adib, 2001.-175 pp.
39.Shakirov T. S. Tajik Language and its Spelling.-Khujand: Dabir, 2021.-347 pp.