Drawing on various sources—Avestan texts, Hellenistic achievements, Greco-Roman chronicles, and the Persepolis tablets—the study systematically analyzes the division of medical disciplines (surgery, phytotherapy, and spiritual healing) during the historical periods of Achaemenid and Arsacid rule. This division pointed to a high level of medical culture rooted in Avestan knowledge. The influence of Hellenism and contacts along the Great Silk Road during the Achaemenid and Arsacid periods fostered the development of surgical techniques, phytotherapy, and toxicology. The dynamic system that emerged during this era established a solid foundation for medieval Eastern medicine. A comprehensive analysis of source material was conducted, revealing the developmental characteristics of medical knowledge—from the state-run medical system in Persepolis to the medical schools of Parthia. Particular emphasis is placed on the systems of hygienic norms and pharmacological traditions of Greece, India, China, and Persia.
Achaemenid and Arsacid period of rule, medical dicsipline, Avestan knowledge, phototherapy, Haoma, Hellenism, Ancient Greek sources, Persepolis tablets
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